When you include a quote in your writing (a sentence or words reproduced from a text, such as a book or article) your in-text citation should include: 157 for more details on the use of hyphens and dashes in APA style If your keyboard will not produce an en dash, it is acceptable to use a hyphen instead.To add an en dash in Microsoft Word: if you are using a full PC keyboard, hold the Control key and type the minus sign on the numeric keypad: Ctrl +.21–27. An en dash (–) is wider than a hyphen (-). There are no gaps between the page numbers and the en dash. Use an en dash, not a hyphen, for page ranges, e.g. This could be a page number, page range, paragraph number, section number, table or figure number, or chapter number: This helps readers locate the relevant passage. This is particularly used for citing a long or complex work, such as a book. However, you may also provide an additional information for the specific part in the citation. When paraphrasing an idea from a reading, an author-date citation is usually used. When you are directly quoting a specific part of a source, your in-text citation should include author, date and information about this specific part. Check reference examples in the menu or the APA Manual s9.14 for other formats.NIWA (2019) reports unprecedented carbon monoxide. But include a retrieval date in the reference list. If the content is reviewed or changed regularly, do not use the date appeared with the content. If no separate date of publication is available treat the work as having no date. If there is a "last updated" note, use the date if it applies to the content you are citing. Only use the copyright date that applies to the content you are using. If there is no date or the date cannot be determined, use "n.d."ĭo not use the copyright date in the website footer as it may not indicate when the content was published. Letter order is determined by Reference list order, not in-text citation order. The Year-letter combination is used both in-text and in the reference list entry, even if the reference list entry has a more specific date. Multiple works published in same year with identical author(s)Īdd a lower-case letter after the year (or "-letter" if not a year, eg. Use the year only in the in-text citation. If the work has been accepted for publication but has not yet been published, use "in press". Use the year of the volume, even if it is different from the copyright year. Use the copyright year shown on the verso of the title page. When was the work published? Reference type ![]() Retain the author’s preferred capitalisation.Write the name exactly as it appears on the published work.If multiple initials, include one space between each initial.Chapman (personal communication, January 20, 2020) informed me of. Chapman, personal communication, January 20, 2020)Į. More examples on the personal communication page. In-text use name with initials, "personal communication," and as exact a date as possible. Not recoverable. Do not include in the reference list. In "Understanding the Sensory Memory" (2018) there is a description. ![]() ("Understanding the Sensory Memory," 2018) If there is no author but "Anonymous" is credited for the work, treat "Anonymous" as the author for the citation. Journal or magazine article without an author: use the title to replace the author's place use double quotation marks around the title use title case capitalisation rules (sentence case is used in the reference list entry) shorten a long title. ![]() Use italics if the work's title is in italics in the reference list, e.g a book with no author. No author - use the the first few words of the title, or the complete title if short, and date. Narrative citation: citations can be presented in any order. Parenthetical citation: place citations in alphabetical order separated by a semi-colon. Group (Organisation) author without abbreviation National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA, 2020) reported. Subsequent citations, just use abbreviation:įirst citation - full name, introduce abbreviation: (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 2020) Do not abbreviate the group nameįirst citation - full name, introduce abbreviation in square brackets: Reference list: Use the full name of the group. Group (Organisation) author with abbreviation Include the initials in-text to disambiguate between the authors, arrange names alphabetically if used togetherĪlexandra Smith (2020) and Brian Smith (2019) provided . In her papers Smith (2020a, 2020b) described. to the year in the in-text citation and reference list. Several works with the exact same author(s) and same dateĪdd a, b, etc. If a chapter is cited, cite the chapter author/s, not the editor/s
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